中华急诊医学杂志  2022, Vol. 31 Issue (8): 1091-1096   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2022.08.013
549例细菌性肝脓肿患者临床特征分析及mNGS技术在细菌性肝脓肿病原学应用研究
曾湘鹏 , 薛明明 , 徐斐翔 , 邵勉 , 宋振举 , 顾国嵘 , 童朝阳 , 施东伟 , 姚晨玲     
复旦大学附属中山医院急诊科,上海 200032
摘要: 目的 回顾性分析细菌性肝脓肿(pyogenic liver abscess, PLA)患者的临床特征,并探讨宏基因组学二代测序(metagenomics next generation sequencing, mNGS)技术在肝脓肿运用,为临床诊治提供参考。方法 回顾性收集复旦大学附属中山医院2015年12月至2020年6月入院的549例肝脓肿患者资料,描述其临床特点; 在病原学检测结果为阳性的246例患者中,依据是否检测出肺炎克雷伯菌,将患者分为肺克组和非肺克组,比较其临床特征,同时在完善mNGS检测的患者中,分析mNGS技术在肝脓肿的运用价值。结果 549例细菌性肝脓肿患者中,主要临床症状为发热(n = 503, 91.6%),其他临床症状有畏寒寒颤、腹痛等,影像学检测提示多数患者脓肿单发(n = 464, 84.5%),位于右叶(n = 368, 67.0%),大小在5~10 cm之间(n = 341, 62.1%)。所有患者中有阳性的病原学检测结果的共246例,其中检出肺炎克雷伯菌菌株的肝脓肿202例(82.1%),为肝脓肿的主要检出菌株。该类肝脓肿患者糖尿病、脂肪肝的患病率更高(P<0.05),但是检出非肺炎克雷伯菌菌株的肝脓肿患者更多的合并腹腔内易感因素(P<0.001); 109例传统微生物学结果阳性的患者中共有92例拟诊为肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿(检出肺炎克雷伯菌),其中14例(15.2%)患者为多重耐药菌感染; 17例患者拟诊为非肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿,其中10例(58.8%)为多重耐药菌感染; 非肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿患者中多重耐药菌感染发生率明显高于肺克肝脓肿患者(P<0.05)。血mNGS的阳性率为85.2%,传统血微生物培养的阳性率为14.8%,脓液mNGS的阳性率为96.2%,传统脓液微生物培养的阳性率为65.4%,mNGS阳性率明显高于传统细菌培养(P<0.05)。结论 细菌性肝脓肿多肝右叶、单发,伴发热,肺炎克雷伯菌是细菌性肝脓肿最常见的致病菌,多见于糖尿病、脂肪肝患者,非肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿相对多见于合并腹腔内易感因素的患者; 二代测序阳性检出率高,在病原检测上具有独特的优势。
关键词: 细菌性肝脓肿    临床特征    病原学    mNGS    
Clinical features and etiological analysis of patients with pyogenic liver abscess and the application of mNGS in pyogenic liver abscess
Zeng Xiangpeng , Xue Mingming , Xu Feixiang , Shao Mian , Song Zhenju , Gu Guorong , Tong Chaoyang , Shi Dongwei , Yao Chenling     
Department of Emergency Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
Abstract: Objective To analyze the clinical features of patients with pyogenic liver abscess (PLA) and the application of mNGS in PLA, thus to provide reference for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Methods The demographic and clinical data of 549 patients with liver abscess admitted to Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University from December 2015 to June 2020 were analyzed retrospectively. According to the detection of Klebsiella pneumoniae in 246 patients with positive etiological test results, the patients were divided into two groups: KPLA group and nKPLA group, and clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared. At the same time, the application value of mNGS in PLA was analyzed. Results Among the 549 patients, the main clinical symptom of PLA was fever (n= 503, 91.6%) and other clinical symptoms included chills and abdominal pain. Most patients had a single abscess (n= 464, 84.5%) located in the right lobe (n = 368, 67.0%), with a size between 5 and 10 cm (n= 341, 62.1%). A total of 246 patients had positive etiological test results, including 202 KPLA patients which was the main pathogen of liver abscess. The prevalence of diabetes and fatty liver was higher in KPLA patients (P < 0.05), but there were more culture of liver positive factors in nKPLA patients (P < 0.001). Among the 109 patients with traditional microbiological results, 92 patients were suspected to KPLA (Klebsiella pneumoniae), of which 14 patients (15.2%) were multidrug resistant (MDR) infection; 17 patients were suspected to nKPLA, of which 10 patients (58.8%) were MDR infection; the incidence of MDR infection in patients with nKPLA was significantly higher than that in patients with KPLA (P < 0.05). The positive rate of mNGS in plasma was 85.2%, the positive rate of traditional microbial culture in plasma was 14.8%, the positive rate of mNGS in pus was 96.2% and traditional microbial culture in pus was 65.4%. The positive rate of traditional culture was significantly lower than that of mNGS (P < 0.05). Conclusions PLA is usually manifested as fever, single and at the right lobe of the liver. Klebsiella pneumoniae is the most common pathogenic bacteria of PLA, which is more common in patients with diabetes and fatty liver, while non-Klebsiella pneumoniae is relatively more common in patients with culture of liver positive factors. The positive detection rate of mNGS is high, which has a unique advantage in pathogen detection.
Key words: Pyogenic liver abscess    Clinical features    Microbial characteristics    Multidrug resistant    

肝脓肿(liver abscess, LA)是临床上常见的感染性疾病,是致病菌通过血管、胆道、直接蔓延等途径侵入肝脏引起的炎症反应[1]。细菌性肝脓肿是最常见的肝脓肿类型,约占肝脓肿的80%。近年来,由于经皮导管引流(percutaneous catheter drainage, PCD)等技术广泛开展,肝脓肿的病死率不断下降。但由于其临床症状相较于其他感染性疾病并不特异,可能导致漏诊、误诊,从而导致疾病进一步进展[2]。据报道,细菌性肝脓肿发病率逐步增加,近35年来细菌性肝脓肿的发病率增加2倍以上[3]。因此,细菌性肝脓肿仍不能被忽视,早期诊断与治疗有助于进一步改善患者的预后。本研究回顾性分析细菌性肝脓肿患者的临床特征,并分析mNGS技术在肝脓肿运用,为临床诊治提供参考。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

回顾性收集复旦大学附属中山医院2015年12月至2020年06月入院的549例肝脓肿患者的临床资料,肝脓肿的诊断标准为:①患者有寒战高热、恶心、肝区胀痛、乏力、肝区叩击痛等临床表现; ②腹部超声、CT或MRI等检查符合肝脓肿的影像学表现; ③排除非细菌性肝脓肿(如:结核性肝脓肿、阿米巴性肝脓肿、肝包虫病、真菌性肝脓肿及肝脏液化坏死)[4]

1.2 研究方法

收集患者基本信息(年龄、性别),基础疾病(糖尿病、高血压、脂肪肝、腹盆腔恶性肿瘤、肝胆疾病、近1年腹部手术史、胃/结直肠疾病史等),临床症状(发热、乏力、纳差、恶心呕吐、腹痛等),入院首次实验室及影像学检查(白细胞、中性粒细胞、C反应蛋白、降钙素原、胆红素、血肌酐、糖化血红蛋白、耐药性监测、脓肿大小、脓肿部位等)并依据脓毒症3.0标准行SOFA评分[5],肝外症状(胸腔积液、腹腔积液、肺部感染、腹腔感染等),治疗方式(抗生素使用、超声引导下肝脓肿穿刺引流、外科手术等),预后(住院期间死亡)等。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 26.0软件分析数据。满足正态分布或近似正态分布的计量资料以(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用成组t检验; 非正态分布的计量资料以[M (Q1, Q3)]表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料组间比较采用χ2检验或Fisher精确检验。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

1.4 伦理学审查

本研究方案由复旦大学附属中山医院医学伦理委员会审批,批号:B2021-542。

1.5 定义

脓肿大小定义:脓肿最大腔径或有多个脓肿时最大脓肿。多重耐药菌(MDR)定义:依照2012年MDR、XDR、PDR耐药菌暂行标准定义[6]。腹腔内易感因素的定义:患者存在腹盆腔恶性肿瘤,未治愈的肝胆疾病,近1年有腹部手术史或未治愈的胃/结直肠疾病[7]。脓毒症定义:患者对严重感染反应失调引起的器官功能障碍综合征[8]。高血压定义:收缩压≥140 mmHg或舒张压≥90 mmHg[9]。脂肪肝定义:基于超声或CT扫描出现肝脏脂肪变性[10]。紧急外科干预定义:患者因脓肿破裂或疑似破裂(出现腹膜炎表现)行急诊外科手术治疗。

2 结果 2.1 细菌性肝脓肿的临床资料

549例PLA患者,年龄61 (51, 68)岁,男性350例(63.8%),其中合并糖尿病244例(44.4%),高血压244例(34.4%),腹腔内易感因素201例(36.6%); 患者主要临床症状表现为发热(91.6%),其他临床症状有畏寒、寒颤、腹痛等。影像学检测提示多数患者脓肿单发,位于右叶,大小在5~10 cm之间。实验室检查提示大部分患者出现炎症标志物的不同程度的升高。所有患者中,病原体检测阳性患者246例(44.8%),其中肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae, KP)菌株检出202例(36.8%); 病原体检测阴性患者155例(28.2%); 未行病原体检测患者148例(30.0%)。所有患者均口服或静脉抗生素治疗,其中393例(71.6%)患者在抗生素治疗的同时进行经皮脓肿穿刺引流,11例(2.0%)患者因脓肿引流不佳或肝脓肿破裂行外科手术治疗; 14例(2.6%)患者住院期间死亡。见表 1

表 1 细菌性肝脓肿患者的一般临床资料 Table 1 The clinical and laboratory data of patients with pyogenic liver abscess
指标 所有患者
(n =549)
病原检测阳性组
(n =246)
病原检测阴性组
(n =155)
未行病原检测组
(n =148)
年龄(岁)a 61 (51, 68) 62 (52, 68) 59 (49, 67) 61 (51, 68)
男性(n, %) 350 (63.8) 166 (67.5) 94 (60.6) 90 (60.8)
基础疾病(n, %)
    高血压 189 (34.4) 86 (35.0) 54 (34.8) 49 (33.1)
    糖尿病 244 (44.4) 123 (50.0) 66 (42.6) 55 (37.2)
    脂肪肝 184 (33.5) 84 (34.1) 48 (31.0) 52 (35.1)
    腹腔内易感因素 201 (36.6) 93 (37.8) 49 (31.6) 59 (39.9)
实验室检查
    WBC (×109/L)a 10.0 (7.3, 13.4) 10.3 (7.62, 13.9) 10.5 (7.8, 13.8) 8.4 (6.3, 11.1)
    Neu (%)a 78.1 (71.4, 85.3) 79.6 (74.6, 86.7) 78.5 (70.9, 85.7) 74.2 (64.7, 81.7)
    CRP (mg/L)a 90.0 (59.9, 169.3) 107.1 (75.2, 186.2) 90.0 (59.9, 174.2) 70.0 (27.6, 123.9)
    PCT (ng/mL)a 0.75 (0.22, 4.23) 1.04 (0.34, 6.49) 0.84 (0.22, 5.12) 0.31 (0.12, 1.16)
    TNF-α (pg/mL)a 14.9 (9.7, 21.8) 18.4 (11.2, 26.6) 11.5 (8.3, 17.4) 10.1(9.0, 15.7)
    Tbil (μmol/L)a 11.1 (7.2, 17.5) 12.5 (8.1, 20.6) 10.5 (6.9, 16.6) 9.3(6.1, 15.0)
    Scr (μmol/L)a 67.0 (55.0, 82.0) 69.0 (58.0, 82.0) 63.0 (54.0, 80.0) 67.0 (55.0, 82.3)
    CTnT (ng/mL)a 0.009 (0.005, 0.014) 0.011 (0.006, 0.014) 0.008 (0.005, 0.014) 0.009 (0.006, 0.016)
    proBNP (pg/mL)a 349.5 (150.8, 947.5) 322.9 (134.6, 826.1) 381.2 (167.5, 868.5) 513.7 (119.1, 1439.0)
    PLT (×109/L)a 256.0 (170.5, 364.0) 246.0 (153.5, 336.5) 254.0 (166.5, 367.0) 300.0 (205.0, 379.0)
    PT (s)a 13.2 (12.3, 14.2) 13.5 (12.6, 14.7) 13.3 (12.4, 14.1) 12.7 (12.0, 13.8)
    D-Dimer (mg/L)a 2.9 (1.4, 6.1) 3.0 (1.5, 6.2) 2.9 (1.3, 5.8) 2.5 (1.3, 5.9)
    Glu (mmol/L)a 6.8 (5.5, 10.10) 6.7 (5.4, 9.3) 6.8 (5.4, 11.1) 6.9 (5.5, 9.3)
    HbAlc (%)a 6.5 (5.8, 9.43) 6.7 (5.8, 10.1) 6.5 (5.8, 9.5) 6.1 (5.6, 8.7)
影像学检查(n, %)
    脓肿个数(多发) 85 (15.5) 45 (18.3) 14 (9.0) 26 (17.6)
    脓肿位置
      右叶 368 (67.0) 164 (66.7) 107 (69) 97 (65.5)
      左叶 129 (23.5) 50 (20.3) 30 (19.4) 37 (25.5)
      双叶 52 (9.5) 32 (13) 18 (11.6) 14 (9.5)
    脓肿大小
      <5 cm 133 (24.3) 48 (19.5) 31 (20.0) 54 (36.5)
      5~10 cm 341 (62.1) 160 (65) 100 (64.5) 81 (54.7)
      >10 cm 75 (13.7) 38 (15.4) 24 (15.5) 13 (8.8)
肝外症状(n, %)
    胸腔积液 236 (43.0) 110 (44.7) 73 (47.1) 53 (35.8)
    腹腔积液 93 (16.9) 49 (19.9) 23 (14.8) 21 (14.2)
合并其他部位感染(n, %) 154 (28.1) 68 (27.6) 45 (29) 38 (25.7)
    肺部感染 121 (22.0) 46 (18.7) 42 (27.1) 33 (22.3)
    腹腔感染 29 (5.3) 22 (8.9) 3 (1.9) 4 (2.7)
SOFA≥2 (n, %) 113 (20.6) 62 (25.2) 31 (20.0) 20 (13.5)
治疗与结局(n, %)
    经皮穿刺引流 393 (71.6) 225 (91.5) 113 (72.9) 55 (37.2)
    开放性手术治疗 11 (2.0) 8 (3.3) 3 (1.9) 0 (0.0)
    血管活性药物使用 19 (3.5) 11 (4.5) 5 (3.2) 3 (2.0)
    死亡 14 (2.6) 7 (2.8) 3 (1.9) 4 (2.7)
注:aMQ1, Q3
2.2 临床特征比较

在有阳性微生物检测结果的246例患者中,依据是否检出肺炎克雷伯菌,将肝脓肿患者分为肺克肝脓肿组(n = 202)和非肺克肝脓肿组(n= 44)。与非肺克肝脓肿组比较,肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿患者合并糖尿病、脂肪肝的概率更高(P<0.05),但合并腹腔内易感因素的概率更低(P<0.05)。实验室检查发现,肺克肝脓肿组中Tbil (12.5 μmol/L vs. 11.4 μmol/L, P = 0.001), proBNP (322.9 pg/mL vs. 206.5 pg/mL, P = 0.004), HbAlc (6.7% vs. 6.25%, P = 0.019)较高。此外,肺克肝脓肿组中耐药菌监测阳性率较低(15.2% vs. 58.8%, P<0.05)。见表 2

表 2 肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿患者与非肺炎克雷伯菌患者的临床特征比较 Table 2 Clinical features analysis of the KPLA and nKPLA groups
指标 肺克肝脓肿组(n = 202) 非肺克肝脓肿组(n = 44) P
年龄(岁)a 62 (52, 68) 62 (55, 67) 0.467
男性(n, %) 131 (64.9) 35 (79.5) 0.059
基础疾病(n, %)
    高血压 75 (37.1) 11 (25) 0.126
    糖尿病 108 (53.5) 15 (34.1) 0.020
    脂肪肝 76 (37.6) 8 (18.2) 0.014
腹腔内易感因素(n, %) 60 (29.7) 33 (75) <0.001
实验室检查
    WBC (×109/L)a 10.3 (7.6, 13.9) 9.4 (6.7, 14.7) 0.982
    Neu (%)a 79.6 (74.6, 86.7) 78.3 (72.5, 84.6) 0.334
    CRP (mg/L)a 107.1 (75.2, 186.2) 106.7 (58.9, 169.9) 0.142
    PCT (ng/mL)a 1.0 (0.3, 6.5) 0.9 (0.3, 3.9) 0.004
    TNF-α (pg/mL)a 18.4 (11.2, 26.6) 22.2 (13.1, 23.8) 0.799
    Tbil (μmol/L)a 12.5 (8.1, 20.6) 11.4 (7.7, 18.5) 0.001
    Scr (μmol/L)a 69.0 (58.0, 82.0) 69.0 (56.0, 85.0) 0.487
    CTnT (ng/mL)a 0.008 (0.005, 0.014) 0.006 (0.004, 0.011) 0.479
    proBNP (pg/mL)a 322.9 (134.7, 826.2) 206.5 (107.3, 396.7) 0.004
    PLT (×109/L)a 246.0 (153.5, 336.5) 256.0 (176.0, 319.0) 0.738
    PT (s)a 13.4 (12.6, 14.7) 14.0 (12.8, 15.3) 0.191
    D-Dimer (mg/L)a 3.0 (1.5, 6.2) 2.3 (1.6, 7.1) 0.657
    Glu (mmol/L)a 6.7 (5.4, 9.3) 5.9(5.0, 7.5) 0.023
    HbAlc (%)a 6.7 (5.8, 10.1) 6.3 (5.6, 6.8) 0.019
耐药菌检测阳性患者(n, %) 92 (45.5) 17 (38.6) 0.403
    多重耐药菌 14 (15.2) 10 (58.8) <0.001
    非多重耐药菌 78 (84.8) 7 (41.2)
影像学检查(n, %)
    脓肿个数(多发) 37 (18.3) 8 (18.2) 0.983
    脓肿位置 0.392
      右叶 132 (65.3) 32 (72.7)
      左叶 41 (20.3) 9 (20.5)
      双叶 29 (14.4) 3 (6.8)
    脓肿大小 0.357
      <5 cm 36 (17.8) 12 (27.3)
      5~10 cm 134 (66.3) 26 (59.1)
      >10 cm 32 (15.8) 6 (13.6)
肝外症状(n, %)
    胸腔积液 87 (43.1) 23 (52.3) 0.266
    腹腔积液 36 (17.8) 13 (29.5) 0.078
合并其他部位感染(n, %)) 56 (27.7) 12 (27.3) 1.000
    肺部感染 40 (19.8) 6 (13.6) 0.342
    腹腔感染 15 (7.4) 7 (15.9) 0.084
SOFA≥2分(n, %) 50 (24.8) 12 (27.3) 0.727
治疗与结局(n, %)
    经皮穿刺引流 184 (91.1) 41 (93.2) 0.653
    开放性手术治疗 6 (3) 2 (4.5) 0.636
    血管活性药物使用 9 (4.5) 2 (4.5) 1.000
    死亡 5 (2.5) 2 (4.5) 0.717
注:aMQ1, Q3
2.3 mNGS检测技术在肝脓肿中的运用

本研究中共有27例细菌性肝脓肿患者的血标本、26例患者的脓液标本同时进行了常规微生物培养和mNGS检测。血mNGS的阳性率为85.2%,传统微生物培养的阳性率为14.8%,血mNGS阳性率显著高于血微生物培养(P<0.001); 脓液NGS的阳性率为96.2%,传统微生物培养的阳性率为65.4%,脓液mNGS阳性率也明显高于传统微生物培养(P<0.05),见表 3

表 3 血/脓液培养与mNGS阳性率比较(n, %) Table 3 Comparison of positive rate between blood/pus culture and mNGS(n, %)
样本检测方法 血(n = 27) P 脓液(n = 26) P
培养
    阳性 4 (14.8) <0.001 17 (65.4) 0.021
    阴性 23 (85.2) 9 (34.6)
NGS
    阳性 23 (85.2) 25 (96.2)
    阴性 4 (14.8) 1 (3.8)
3 讨论

随着肝脓肿发病率的增加,PLA已成为急诊科不容忽视的疾病[11-13],但细菌性肝脓肿在不同地域、环境中,病原菌分布和临床表现并不完全相同,因此本研究回顾性分析了细菌性肝脓肿患者的临床特征和病原学特点,并探讨不同检测技术在肝脓肿病原检测中的效能,为临床诊治提供参考。

糖尿病已被证实是多种感染性疾病的独立危险因素,高血糖会影响机体对病原体的炎症反应; 糖尿病患者更易发生血管内皮受损[14],从而导致病原菌更易穿过肠道上皮屏障; 与此同时,葡萄糖作为一种环境信号,已被证明可以进一步增加肺炎克雷伯菌荚膜多糖的产量,这可能和肺炎克雷伯菌的侵入和转移性感染相关[15-17]。脂肪肝是最常见的肝病之一,主要危险因素十分常见,如肥胖或显性糖尿病、血脂异常和体循环高血压[18],其发病机制尚未完全阐明。最被认可的理论认为是胰岛素抵抗,这可能是肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿患者合并脂肪肝比例较多的原因之一; 同时,脂肪肝患者可能出现血清铁蛋白浓度或转铁蛋白饱和度升高[19-20]。肺炎克雷伯菌可以通过铁载体获取铁,并通过特定的受体侵入宿主细胞[21-22]。本研究发现肺炎克雷伯菌肝脓肿患者糖尿病、脂肪肝的患病率较高,与既往文献报道一致[23-24]

腹腔内易感因素包括腹盆腔恶性肿瘤、肝胆疾病、近1年腹部手术史、胃/结直肠疾病,文献报道,此类患者容易感染大肠埃希菌、肠球菌等非肺炎克雷伯菌; 本研究中,非肺炎克雷伯菌组肝脓肿合并腹腔内易感因素患者比例较高。推测原因,一方面是此类患者肠道菌群更容易通过胆道途径导致肝脓肿,另一方面,这类患者在采集微生物标本前大多使用过抗菌药物,而且多为广谱抗菌药物,加之医疗环境菌株的污染可能,因此肝脓肿穿刺液或血培养检出非肺克以及耐药菌株的比率增高。

相比一代测序(Sanger测序),mNGS弥补了后者对混合感染无能为力和对某些菌只能鉴定到属不能鉴定到种的缺陷[10]; 相比传统微生物培养检测阳性率低,病原菌培养周期长,mNGS可以直接快速检测样本中的病原体,在感染性疾病病原检测方面得以逐步开展。本研究中,血mNGS阳性率显著高于血微生物培养(85.2% vs. 14.8%, P<0.001),脓液mNGS阳性率同样高于脓液培养(96.2% vs. 65.4%, P<0.05),显示mNGS技术在感染性疾病中巨大优势; 但是,该技术也有一定不足,譬如无法界定致病菌和正常定植菌,且特殊病原体的核酸提取如胞内菌、真菌、结核杆菌相对困难等,更为重要的是目前mNGS技术仍无法准确的提供多重耐药菌的药敏信息。但随着技术的更新以及抗生素耐药基因数据库(ARDB)等逐步建立,mNGS测序技术在耐药菌方面的缺陷正逐渐补足,在未来可能取代常规微生物培养方法成为耐药性监测和研究的首选工具之一,但目前对于多重耐药风险极高的肝脓肿患者而言,常规微生物学培养仍是细菌学监测的重要手段。

利益冲突  所有作者声明无利益冲突

作者贡献声明  曾湘鹏,薛明明:初步设计、数据收集、统计分析、论文撰写; 徐斐翔、邵勉:数据收集、文献查询; 宋振举、顾国嵘、童朝阳:指导设计; 施东伟、姚晨玲:指导设计,论文修改

参考文献
[1] 张冠优. 细菌性肝脓肿的临床特点分析[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2019.
[2] Cerwenka H. Pyogenic liver abscess: differences in etiology and treatment in Southeast Asia and Central Europe[J]. World J Gastroenterol, 2010, 16(20): 2458-2462. DOI:10.3748/wjg.v16.i20.2458
[3] Sharma A, Mukewar S, Mara KC, et al. Epidemiologic factors, clinical presentation, causes, and outcomes of liver abscess: a 35-year Olmsted County study[J]. Mayo Clin Proc Innov Qual Outcomes, 2018, 2(1): 16-25. DOI:10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2018.01.002
[4] 吕卉. 细菌性肝脓肿患者的临床特征及预后相关因素分析[D]. 杭州: 浙江大学, 2016.
[5] Donnelly JP, Safford MM, Shapiro NI, et al. Application of the Third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis (Sepsis-3) Classification: a retrospective population-based cohort study[J]. Lancet Infect Dis, 2017, 17(6): 661-670. DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30117-2
[6] Magiorakos AP, Srinivasan A, Carey RB, et al. Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance[J]. Clin Microbiol Infect, 2012, 18(3): 268-281. DOI:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x
[7] Qian Y, Wong CC, Lai SC, et al. A retrospective study of pyogenic liver abscess focusing on Klebsiella pneumoniae as a primary pathogen in China from 1994 to 2015[J]. Sci Rep, 2016, 6: 38587. DOI:10.1038/srep38587
[8] Kempker JA, Martin GS. The changing epidemiology and definitions of Sepsis[J]. Clin Chest Med, 2016, 37(2): 165-179. DOI:10.1016/j.ccm.2016.01.002
[9] Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension[J]. Eur Heart J, 2018, 39(33): 3021-3104. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehy339
[10] Tell M. European association for the study of the liver (EASL)-47th international liver congress, Barcelona, Spain-April 18-22, 2012[J]. Drugs Fut, 2012, 37(6): 457. DOI:10.1358/dof.2012.037.06.1832872
[11] Kuo SH, Lee YT, Li CR, et al. Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis score as a prognostic indicator in patients with pyogenic liver abscess[J]. Am J Emerg Med, 2013, 31(6): 916-921. DOI:10.1016/j.ajem.2013.02.045
[12] Su YJ, Lai YC, Lin YC, et al. Treatment and prognosis of pyogenic liver abscess[J]. Int J Emerg Med, 2010, 3(4): 381-384. DOI:10.1007/s12245-010-0232-6
[13] 中华医学会急诊医学分会. 细菌性肝脓肿诊治急诊专家共识[J]. 中华急诊医学杂志, 2022, 31(3): 273-280. DOI:10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2022.03.003
[14] Gärtner V, Eigentler TK. Pathogenesis of diabetic macro- and microangiopathy[J]. Clin Nephrol, 2008, 70(1): 1-9. DOI:10.5414/cnp70001
[15] Mohsen AH, Green ST, Read RC, et al. Liver abscess in adults: ten years experience in a UK centre[J]. QJM, 2002, 95(12): 797-802. DOI:10.1093/qjmed/95.12.797
[16] Kim JK, Chung DR, Wie SH, et al. Risk factor analysis of invasive liver abscess caused by the K1 serotype Klebsiella pneumoniae[J]. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 2009, 28(1): 109-111. DOI:10.1007/s10096-008-0595-2
[17] Yang CC, Yen CH, Ho MW, et al. Comparison of pyogenic liver abscess caused by non-Klebsiella pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae[J]. Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi, 2004, 37(3): 176-184.
[18] Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Afendy M, et al. Changes in the prevalence of the most common causes of chronic liver diseases in the United States from 1988 to 2008[J]. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol, 2011, 9(6): 524-530. e1;quize60. DOI:10.1016/j.cgh.2011.03.020
[19] Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, et al. Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis[J]. Hepatology, 1999, 30(6): 1356-1362. DOI:10.1002/hep.510300604
[20] Bacon BR, Farahvash MJ, Janney CG, et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity[J]. Gastroenterology, 1994, 107(4): 1103-1109. DOI:10.1016/0016-5085(94)90235-6
[21] Miethke M, Marahiel MA. Siderophore-based iron acquisition and pathogen control[J]. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev, 2007, 71(3): 413-451. DOI:10.1128/MMBR.00012-07
[22] Neilands JB. Microbial iron compounds[J]. Annu Rev Biochem, 1981, 50: 715-731. DOI:10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.003435
[23] Yu WL, Ko WC, Cheng KC, et al. Comparison of prevalence of virulence factors for Klebsiella pneumoniae liver abscesses between isolates with capsular K1/K2 and non-K1/K2 serotypes[J]. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis, 2008, 62(1): 1-6. DOI:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.007
[24] Brisse S, Fevre C, Passet V, et al. Virulent clones of Klebsiella pneumoniae: identification and evolutionary scenario based on genomic and phenotypic characterization[J]. PLoS One, 2009, 4(3): e4982. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0004982