中华急诊医学杂志  2024, Vol. 33 Issue (3): 360-364   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2024.03.016
肾动脉阻力指数在重症患者腹高压诊断中的应用价值
陈宝泉1 , 陈明1 , 徐锦洋1 , 吕国荣2 , 杨燕芬1 , 杨舒萍1     
1. 福建医科大学附属漳州市医院超声医学科,漳州 363000;
2. 泉州医学高等专科学校母婴健康服务应用技术协同创新中心,泉州 362000
摘要: 目的 探讨肾动脉阻力指数(resistance index, RI)在重症患者腹高压(intra-abdominal pressure,IAH)诊断中的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2022年2月至2022年6月入住漳州市医院重症监护室具有IAH危险因素的89名患者,根据经膀胱测得的腹内压(IAP)分为IAH组(IAP≥12 mmHg)和非IAH组(IAP < 12 mmHg),应用彩色多普勒超声测量右肾主动脉、段动脉、叶间动脉的RI值,分析IAH组与非IAH组患者各测量参数的差异性及其与IAP的相关性。对不同指标预测IAH的诊断效能,采用ROC曲线分析进行评估,并同时行多因素Logistic回归分析寻找独立危险预测因子。结果 总共有89名患者纳入研究,44例IAP正常,45例诊断为IAH。IAH组与非IAH组相比,右肾主动脉、段动脉、叶间动脉RI均差异具有统计学意义(均P < 0.01),其中以叶间动脉RI≥0.698为诊断截值时诊断效能最高,曲线下面积0.914,敏感度82.2%, 特异度97.7%,约登指数0.799;Spearman相关性分析显示右肾叶间动脉RI与IAP具有较强的相关性(r=0.741,P < 0.01)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示右肾叶间动脉RI值(OR=24.472,95%CI: 5.122~116.919,P < 0.01)是IAH的独立危险预测因子。结论 右肾叶间动脉RI值诊断IAH有较好的诊断效能,肾动脉超声可以作为诊断和随访IAH的一种替代的、非侵入性的技术。
关键词: 超声    肾动脉    阻力指数    重症患者    腹高压    
Application value of renal artery resistance index in the diagnosis of intra-abdominal hypertension in critically ill patients
Chen Baoquan1 , Chen Ming1 , Xu Jinyang1 , Lyu Guorong2 , Yang Yanfen1 , Yang Shuping1     
1. Department of Ultrasound, Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Zhangzhou 363000, China;
2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Maternal and Child Health Service Application Technology, Quanzhou Medical College, Quanzhou 362000, China
Abstract: Objective To explore the application value of renal artery resistance index in the diagnosist of intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) in critically ill patients. Methods 89 patients with risk factors of IAH in the intensive care unit of Zhangzhou Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University from February 2022 to June 2022 were retrospective analyzed. The intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) were measured by bladder, and patients divided into IAH group (IAP≥12 mmHg) and non-IAH group (IAP < 12 mmHg). The resistance index (RI) of the right renal aorta, segment artery and interlobar artery were measured by color Doppler ultrasound. The difference between the measurement indicators of patients in the IAH and non-IAH groups and the correlation with IAP were analyzed. As for different indicators to predict the diagnostic efficacy of IAH, ROC curve analysis was used to evaluate the effect. And further multivariate logistic regression analysis was to find independent risk predictor. Results A total of 89 patients were included in the study, including 44 patients with normal IAP and 45 patients diagnosed IAH. There were significant differences in the right renal aorta, segmental artery and interlobar artery RI (all P < 0.01). The interlobar artery RI≥0.698 was the highest diagnostic cut-off, area under the curve was 0.914, sensitivity was 82.2%, specificity was 97.7%, and Jordon index was 0.799. The Spearman correlation analysis of IAP and the ultrasonographic measurements revealed a strong correlation between right renal interlobar artery RI and IAP (r=0.741, P < 0.01). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the right renal interlobar artery RI (OR= 24.472, 95%CI: 5.122~116.919, P < 0.01) was an independent risk predictor of IAH (P < 0.01). Conclusion Right renal interlobar artery RI had better diagnostic efficacy of IAH, renal ultrasound could be used as an alternative, non-invasive technique for the diagnosis and follow-up of IAH.
Key words: Ultrasound    Renal artery    Resistance index    Critically ill patient    Intra-abdominal hypertension    

腹内压(intra-abdominal pressure, IAP)正常为5~7 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)。IAP持续或反复升高≥12 mmHg称为腹高压(intra-abdominal hypertension, IAH)[1]。测量IAP有不同的方法,2017年世界腹腔间隔室综合征协会(Abdominal Compartment Society,WSACS)推荐的金标准是膀胱内压测定法,该法可以客观地反映IAP,但膀胱内压的测定要求患者有较高的配合度,须避免咳嗽等会导致数据变异性过大的活动,而且反复进行注水测压,不仅费时费力,患者也易并发泌尿系感染[2]。如何高效准确地测量IAP并尽可能避免医源性损伤仍是临床面临的挑战。研究表明,IAP的增高会继发一系列改变,包括降低腹腔灌注压,导致肾脏、胃肠道、肝脏等脏器的灌注不足等[3-4],但有关超声诊断IAH鲜有报道。因此,本研究旨在通过彩色多普勒超声对重症患者肾脏进行非侵入性评估,为临床预测IAH提供量化指标,并进行及时干预。

1 资料和方法 1.1 研究对象

选取2022年2月至2022年6月入住福建省漳州市医院重症监护室(intensive care unit,ICU)的患者89例,44例IAP正常,45例诊断为IAH。纳入标准:⑴具有WSACS于2013年颁布的IAH专家共识和诊疗指南中提出的IAH/ACS任一危险因素:①腹壁顺应性减小:俯卧位、重度烧伤、腹部手术后和严重创伤等;②胃肠腔内容物增多:胃轻瘫、胃扩张、肠梗阻、肠扭转和结肠假性梗阻等;③腹腔内容物增多:急性胰腺炎、腹腔感染、腹膜透析、肝功能不全/肝硬化伴腹水、血腹、气腹、腹腔内或腹膜后肿瘤等;④其它:酸中毒、低体温和大量液体复苏等)[1]。⑵膀胱测压结果明确;⑶超声影像资料完整。排除标准:⑴慢性高血压 > 10年;⑵腹腔血管异常;⑶年龄 < 18岁;⑷影响膀胱内压测量,如妊娠、膀胱炎等;⑸可能影响肾动脉阻力指数测量的其他慢性病,如糖尿病、肾脏疾病、肾周疾病等。本研究经福建医科大学附属漳州市医院伦理委员会批准(审批号:2022LWB252)。

1.2 仪器与方法

一次性使用压力传感器:浙江海圣医疗器械股份有限公司,型号规格:DBPT-0103;超声诊断仪:迈瑞Nuewa I9彩色多普勒超声成像仪,配备SC6-1s凸阵探头(频率:1.2~5.0 MHz)。

IAP测量:先将压力传感器前端的三通管道接留置针置导尿管出端处后固定,患者取平卧位,换能器放至腋中线和耻骨联合水平并夹闭尿管,同时将压力传感器另一端与心电监护模块相连,通过前端三通管注入25 mL生理盐水,确保无腹肌收缩,换能器调零,于呼气末测量IAP,测量3次取平均值。

肾脏超声检查方法:所有超声检查在患者入住ICU当天由同一位超声诊断医生完成;患者取平卧位,将SC6-1s探头置于右腰部腋后线附近横切发现肾脏,再行肾脏冠状切面扫查,清晰显示上、下两极轮廓及肾内结构后启用彩色多普勒功能键显示肾脏血管并应用频谱多普勒分别于肾髓质与肾柱间检测叶间动脉(图 1)、肾窦内检测段动脉(图 2)、肾门处检测主动脉(图 3),选择3个相似且完整的频谱测量其阻力指数(resistance index, RI)值并取平均。多普勒超声检查时,声束与血流夹角尽量小于20°,取样容积在2~4 mm之间。

图 1 右肾叶间动脉RI值 Fig 1 The resistance index (RI) of the right renal interlobar artery

图 2 右肾段动脉RI值 Fig 2 The resistance index (RI) of the right renal segment artery

图 3 右肾主动脉RI值 Fig 3 The resistance index (RI) of the right renal aorta artery
1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 22.0分析软件进行统计学处理。应用Kolmogorov-Smirnov对计量资料进行正态性检验,对IAH与非IAH组,符合正态性分布的计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示并用两独立样本t检验分析;非正态分布的计量资料采用中位数(四分位数)[M(Q1, Q3)]表示并用独立样本秩和检验分析。对于计数资料采用例数(百分比)表示,组间比较用卡方检验分析。同时应用Spearman或Pearson相关分析判断右肾动脉各节段RI值与IAP的相关性,对于不同指标预测IAH的诊断效能,进行ROC曲线分析,计算曲线下面积、敏感度、特异度等进行效果评价,同时将差异有统计学意义的变量作为自变量进入以腹高压为因变量的回归分析。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 两组一般资料的比较

非IAH组与IAH组两组间的年龄、性别、入组危险因素差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05),见表 1

表 1 非IAH组与IAH组的一般资料比较 Table 1 Comparison of general information between non-IAH group and IAH group
指标 非IAH组(n=44) IAH组(n=45) 统计值 P
年龄a 71 (56, 79) 58 (44, 73) -1.754 0.079
性别(例, %) 0.002 0.960
  男 36(81.82) 37(82.22)
  女 8(18.18) 8(17.782)
危险因素(例, %) 4.061 0.255
  腹壁顺应性减小 7 (15.91) 12 (26.67)
  胃肠腔内容物增多 3 (6.82) 7 (15.56)
  腹腔内容物增多 25 (56.82) 20 (44.44)
  其他 9(20.45) 6(13.33)
注:aM(Q1, Q3)
2.2 两组超声测量指标的比较

IAH组的右肾动脉不同节段RI值高于非IAH组,差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01),见表 2

表 2 非IAH组与IAH组肾动脉彩色多普勒血流参数指标的比较 Table 2 Comparison of renal artery color Doppler blood flow parameters between non-IAH group and IAH group
指标 非IAH组(n=44) IAH组(n=45) 统计值 P
主动脉RI 0.64(0.58, 0.67) 0.68(0.65, 0.70) -6.745 < 0.001
段动脉RI 0.64(0.57, 0.66) 0.68(0.65, 0.70) -4.958 < 0.001
叶间动脉RI 0.63(0.58, 0.67) 0.71(0.70, 0.73) -3.932 < 0.001
注:RI为阻力指数
2.3 右肾动脉不同节段RI值的预测效能及与IAP的相关性比较

叶间动脉RI值的曲线下面积大于段动脉RI值、主动脉RI值(P < 0.05);叶间动脉RI值的敏感度、特异度均高于主动脉RI值(P < 0.05);叶间动脉RI值的敏感度高于段动脉RI值(P < 0.05),特异度差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05);叶间动脉RI值的约登指数大于段动脉RI值、主动脉RI值(见表 3图 4)。叶间动脉RI与IAP的相关性高于段动脉RI值、主动脉RI值(见表 4)。对三个指标进行多因素Logistic回归分析,结果显示肾叶间动脉RI值是预测IAH的独立危险因素(P < 0.01)(见表 5)。

表 3 右肾动脉不同节段RI值的预测效能比较 Table 3 Comparison of prediction performance of RI values in different segments of the right renal artery
变量 截断值 AUC(95%CI) 敏感度 特异度 约登指数
叶间动脉RI 0.698 0.914(0.835, 0.977)a, b 0.822ab 0.977a 0.799
段动脉RI 0.675 0.805(0.713, 0.896)a 0.644 0.886a 0.530
主动脉RI 0.665 0.741(0.638, 0.845) 0.667 0.705 0.372
注:a与主动脉RI相比,P < 0.05;b与段动脉RI相比,P < 0.05

图 4 肾动脉不同节段RI值的ROC曲线图 Fig 4 ROC curve of RI values in different segments of renal artery

表 4 右肾动脉不同节段RI值与IAP相关性比较 Table 4 Comparison of the correlation between RI values in different segments of the right renal artery and IAP
指标 主动脉RI 段动脉RI 叶间动脉RI
r 0.448 0.515 0.741
P < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01

表 5 右肾动脉不同节段RI值多因素Logistic回归分析 Table 5 Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of RI values in different segments of the right renal artery
变量 系数 标准误 OR(95%CI) P
叶间动脉RI 3.198 0.798 24.472 (5.122, 116.919) < 0.01
段动脉RI -0.820 0.761 0.411(0.099, 1.957) 0.441
主动脉RI -0.171 0.540 0.843(0.292, 2.429) 0.843
3 讨论

IAH会直接及间接地影响机体的多个器官,肾脏对于IAH反应尤为敏感,当IAP为20 mmHg时,肾血管阻力增加555%,是全身血管阻力的15倍[5],同时IAH也会对肾功能造成影响,肾脏血流量也随着IAP增高而减少,IAP为15 mmHg时可观察到少尿,一旦IAP超过30 mmHg即可进展为无尿[6-7]。这也表明肾脏可能是IAH对身体产生不利生理影响的一个潜在标志物。基于此,使用超声对具有IAH高危因素患者的肾动脉评估,右肾动脉RI值在IAH组明显增高且右肾动脉RI值和IAP之间存在中等至较强的相关性。Kirkpatrick等[8]在动物实验研究中也显示了肾动脉RI值与IAP具有强相关性。同时还发现不同肾动脉节段的RI值对于腹高压的预测效能不同,以叶间动脉RI值≥0.698为诊断截值时诊断效能最高(曲线下面积0.914,敏感度82.2%, 特异度97.7%,约登指数0.799);另外在多因素Logistic回归分析中叶间动脉RI值减弱了主动脉RI值、段动脉RI值的作用,使得虽然两者在差异上有统计学意义,而多因素分析却差异无统计学意义,这可能与肾动脉从主动脉到段动脉再到叶间动脉逐级分支,管径逐渐变细,受IAH的影响逐渐变大,因此叶间动脉受到的影响更大,其RI值升高较明显,当其RI值≥0.698可以用来评估IAH,是IAH的独立危险预测因子。

据报道,IAH比之前认为的更常见,一项对全球15个ICU的491名患者进行筛查的前瞻性观察研究中,发现34%的患者在入院当天就发生了IAH,48.9%的患者在观察期间发生了IAH[9]。当IAH进展至ACS后,患者的病死率高达50%以上[10-11],因此,对于入住ICU的患者常规测量、监测IAP情况,对出现IAH的患者进行早期干预以降低ACS发病率和病死率具有重要临床意义[12]。尽管经膀胱测压技术已成为测量IAP的金标准,但右肾叶间动脉RI值作为一种非侵入性替代技术,对于训练有素的ICU医师来说,这种无创超声检测技术通过短期培训可以很容易掌握,而且能进行实时、动态化的评估,供临床医生参考借鉴,指导临床及时采取干预措施,如调整补液量、改变体位、胃肠减压、腹腔穿刺甚至开腹手术等[13-17],降低IAH/ACS的发病率和病死率。

本研究的局限性在于CDFI检测受角度影响,对低流速及低流量的血流显示不敏感,可能难以精确反映IAH对肾脏微循环灌注的影响,肾脏超声造影或许可以解决此问题[18-19];其次本研究为单中心、小样本研究,且并未对左侧肾动脉RI进行测量,一项对成人肾动脉形态测量的计算机断层扫描评估显示,右肾动脉的平均长度显著长于左肾动脉[20],因此笔者考虑右肾动脉更容易受IAH影响,这也是选择右肾动脉测量的原因,未来应开展前瞻性、多中心研究进一步验证结论。尽管本研究有一些局限性,但笔者相信本研究是一项原创性的研究。随着床边超声的更广泛应用,有理由相信右肾叶间动脉RI值作为诊断和随访IAH的一种替代的、非侵入性的技术必将发挥至大的作用。

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作者贡献声明   陈宝泉、陈明:酝酿和设计实验、实施研究、分析/解释数据、起草文章、统计分析;徐锦洋:采集数据、对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅、指导;吕国荣:分析/解释数据、对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅、指导;杨燕芬:分析/解释数据、对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅、统计分析;杨舒萍:酝酿和设计实验、对文章的知识性内容作批评性审阅、指导,行政、技术或材料支持,支持性贡献

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