中华急诊医学杂志  2023, Vol. 32 Issue (3): 360-364   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2023.03.014
引起急诊重症监护室内接受有创机械通气患者气管切开的因素分析
侍冬成 , 李永霞 , 姜家梅 , 赵钢 , 封启明 , 吴蔚     
上海交通大学医学院附属第六人民医院急诊医学科,上海 200233
摘要: 目的 分析可能引起急诊重症监护室(emergency intensive care unit, EICU)内接受有创机械通气(intermittent mandatory ventilation, IMV)患者气管切开的危险因素。方法 采用病例对照研究,回顾性研究2016年8月至2019年8月在EICU内接受IMV的患者,通过医院信息数据库电子病历系统提取患者临床资料,依据患者在住院期间是否接受气管切开分为气管切开组与成功拔管组,比较两组患者不同的临床特征,采用Logistic回归分析可能引起气管切开的独立危险因素。结果 共有109名患者进入本研究,其中有53名患者接受气管切开术,56名患者成功拔管。Logistic回归发现GCS评分≤8分(OR=5.10,95% CI: 1.68~15.42,P < 0.01),颈脊髓损伤(OR=10.32,95% CI: 2.74~38.82,P < 0.01),脓毒症(OR=3.45,95% CI: 1.39~8.54,P < 0.01)是引起EICU内接受IMV患者气管切开的独立危险因素。结论 如果接受IMV的患者存在GCS评分≤8、颈脊髓损伤、脓毒症,应给予其重点关注,因其或许需要进行早期气管切开以挽救生命、改善预后。
关键词: 急诊重症监护室    急性呼吸衰竭    有创机械通气    气管插管    气管切开    
Analysis of factors leading to tracheostomy in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation in emergency intensive care unit
Shi Dongcheng , Li Yongxia , Jiang Jiamei , Zhao Gang , Feng Qiming , Wu Wei     
Department of Emergency, Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
Abstract: Objective To analyze the risk factors which may lead to tracheostomy in patients receiving invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in emergency intensive care unit (EICU). Methods A case-control study was adopted to retrospectively analyze the clinical data of patients hospitalized in EICU receiving IMV from August 2016 to August 2019. The clinical data of patients were extracted through the electronic medical record system of the hospital information database. Patients were divided into the tracheostomy group and successful extubation group according to whether they received tracheostomy during hospitalization. The different clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared, and logistic regression was used to analyze the independent risk factors of tracheostomy. Results A total of 109 patients were included in this study, among which, 53 patients underwent tracheotomy and 56 patients were successfully extubated. Logistic regression showed that GCS score ≤ 8 (OR=5.10, 95% CI: 1.68-15.42, P < 0.01), cervical spinal cord injury (OR=10.32, 95% CI: 2.74-38.82, P < 0.01), and sepsis (OR=3.45, 95% CI: 1.39-8.54, P < 0.01) were independent risk factors of tracheostomy for patients receiving IMV in EICU. Conclusions If patients receiving IMV have GCS score ≤ 8, cervical spinal cord injury, or sepsis, they should be given more attention, because they may need early tracheostomy to save lives and improve the prognosis.
Key words: Emergency intensive care unit    Acute respiratory failure    Invasive mechanical ventilation    Tracheal intubation    Tracheostomy    

严重创伤、重症社区获得性肺炎、重症哮喘、慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重、失代偿性心力衰竭、急性中枢神经系统疾病是患者来急诊室就诊的常见原因,也是导致急性呼吸衰竭(acute respiratory failure,ARF)的主要疾病[1-2]。有创机械通气(invasive mechanical ventilation,IMV)是治疗ARF的基石[3],用于辅助或代替自主呼吸以纠正缺氧、高碳酸血症,减轻呼吸肌的工作负荷[4];急诊室中的ARF患者接受IMV后常转入急诊重症监护室(emergency intensive care unit,EICU)进一步治疗。为ARF患者实施IMV建立人工气道时通常首选经口气管插管,而对于需要长时间接受IMV的患者,气管切开也是常用的建立人工气道的手段[5]。与经口气管插管相比,气管切开导管较短且管腔大,气道阻力及通气死腔较小,可以提高机械通气效率并有利于患者气道分泌物的清除及早期脱离呼吸机[6]。目前世界范围内尚罕见针对EICU内接受IMV患者气管切开危险因素的研究,本研究希望通过寻找引起IMV患者气管切开的独立危险因素,识别需要进行早期气管切开的患者,以便于在诊疗过程中的适当时机为其实施气管切开,从而达到改善预后、降低死亡率的目的。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

本研究为病例对照研究,纳入2016年8月至2019年8月在上海交通大学医学院附属第六人民医院EICU住院治疗的患者,对其临床资料进行分析。纳入标准:(1)患者在纳入期限内接受IMV;(2)患者经治疗后存活且出院。排除标准:(1)患者年龄 < 18岁;(2)严重免疫抑制状态;(3)胸廓畸形;(4)妊娠;(5)入院前已气管切开;(6)全身麻醉手术后带管回病房;(7)接受IMV时间 < 24 h;(8)临床资料不完整。本研究经上海交通大学医学院附属第六人民医院伦理委员会批准,审批编号:2021-KY-005(K),临床试验注册号:ChiCTR2100054605。

1.2 研究方法

通过医院信息数据库电子病历系统提取患者临床资料,包括:(1)人口统计学数据;(2)合并的基础疾病及是否并发脓毒症;(3)插管后24 h内的急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ,APACHE Ⅱ)、简化急性生理学评分Ⅲ (simplified acute physiology score Ⅲ,SAPS Ⅲ)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow coma scale,GCS)、序贯器官衰竭评分(sequential organ failure assessment,SOFA);(4)插管后24 h内的生命体征;(5)插管后24 h内的化验室数据。依据患者在住院期间是否接受气管切开分为气管切开组与成功拔管组。

1.3 统计学方法

采用SPSS 19.0软件对数据进行统计分析。呈正态分布的计量资料采用均数±标准差(x±s)表示,两组间比较采用独立样本t检验;非正态分布的计量资料采用中位数(四分位数)[M(Q1, Q3)]表示,两组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验;计数资料以频数(百分率)表示,两组间比较采用χ2检验,理论频数小于5时采用校正χ2检验,当理论频数小于1时采用Fisher确切概率法。对于单因素分析中差异有统计学意义的指标采用Logistic回归分析引起IMV患者气管切开的独立危险因素。以P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 全部患者的基线资料以及气管切开组与成功拔管组患者基线资料比较

图 1所示,共有109名在EICU中接受IMV并且存活的患者被纳入本研究,其中有53(48.62%)例患者接受气管切开术,56(51.38%)例患者成功拔管。

图 1 研究对象入选流程图 Fig 1 Flow chart of research objects enrollment

气管切开组患者的GCS评分[(11.58±3.69)vs.(12.96±2.54)]、多发伤发生率(37.74% vs. 58.93%)显著低于成功拔管组;气管切开组患者GCS评分≤8分的发生率(32.08% vs. 10.71%)、脓毒症发生率(54.72% vs. 35.71%)、颈脊髓损伤发生率(26.42% vs. 7.14%)、血红蛋白浓度[(109.32±27.06) g/L vs. (97.77±22.92) g/L]显著高于成功拔管组;两组间其余指标的差异无统计学意义,见表 1

表 1 气管切开组与成功拔管组患者基线资料比较结果 Table 1 Comparison of baseline data between the tracheotomy group and extubation group
变量 全部患者(n=109) 气管切开组(n=53) 成功拔管组(n=56) t/χ2/Z P
年龄(岁) a 58.62±18.61 58.89±16.12 58.38±20.83 -0.144 0.886
性别(男)c 77(70.64) 38(71.70) 39(69.64) 0.055 0.814
APACHE Ⅱ评分a 14.52±5.02 15.11±5.72 13.96±4.24 -1.186 0.238
SAPS Ⅲ评分a 45.60±13.30 45.72±13.69 45.48±13.05 -0.092 0.927
GCS评分a 12.29±3.21 11.58±3.69 12.96±2.54 2.261 0.026
GCS评分≤8分(是)c 23(21.10) 17(32.08) 6(10.71) 7.463 0.006
并发脓毒症(是)c 49(44.95) 29(54.72) 20(35.71) 3.974 0.046
合并高血压(是)c 37(33.94) 16(30.19) 21(37.50) 0.649 0.420
合并糖尿病(是)c 23(21.10) 10(18.87) 13(23.21) 0.309 0.578
合并心力衰竭(是)c 18(16.51) 8(15.09) 10(17.86) 0.151 0.698
创伤(是)c 65(59.63) 29(54.72) 36(64.29) 1.036 0.309
脑部创伤(是)c 27(24.77) 13(24.53) 14(25.00) 0.003 0.955
颈脊髓损伤(是)c 18(16.51) 14(26.42) 4(7.14) 7.336 0.007
多发伤(是)c 53(48.62) 20(37.74) 33(58.93) 4.896 0.027
HR(次/min)a 92.69±18.42 91.00±18.27 94.29±18.58 0.930 0.354
MAP(mmHg)a 90.05±14.27 90.32±16.21 89.80±12.30 -0.190 0.849
PaO2/FiO2 b 200.00(170.00, 272.50) 192.50(165.00, 272.50) 200.00(173.13, 273.75) -0.337 0.736
pH a 7.42±0.10 7.41±0.11 7.42±0.08 0.645 0.520
Na+(mmol/L)a 139.83±5.88 139.74±5.88 139.93±5.93 0.170 0.865
K+(mmol/L)a 3.78±0.71 3.82±0.73 3.75±0.71 -0.528 0.599
Cr(μmol/L)b 69.00(53.00, 97.50) 69.00(51.00, 90.50) 69.00(53.25, 104.50) -0.470 0.638
WBC(×109/L)a 11.67±4.28 12.14±4.42 11.22±4.13 -1.117 0.266
Hb(g/L)a 103.39±25.57 109.32±27.06 97.77±22.92 -2.410 0.018
PLT(×109/L)b 153.00(90.00, 197.00) 163.00(99.00, 197.00) 126.00(85.75, 217.00) -0.564 0.573
TB(μmol/L)b 25.00(16.00, 38.50) 24.00(15.50, 38.50) 25.50(16.00, 39.25) -0.212 0.832
ALB(g/L)a 27.24±6.04 27.17±6.52 27.30±5.61 0.115 0.909
注:a为(x±s);bM(Q1, Q3);c为例(%);APACHE Ⅱ为急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ;SAPS Ⅲ为简化急性生理学评分Ⅲ;GCS为格拉斯哥昏迷评分;HR为心率;MAP为平均动脉压;PaO2为动脉血氧分压;FiO2为吸入气氧浓度;pH为动脉血pH值;Na+为血清钠离子浓度;K+为血清钾离子浓度;Cr为血清肌酐浓度;WBC为血白细胞计数;Hb为血红蛋白浓度;PLT为血小板计数;TB为血清总胆红素浓度;ALB为血清白蛋白浓度;1 mmHg=0.133 kPa
2.2 引起EICU内接受IMV患者气管切开的独立危险因素分析

以患者是否气管切开为因变量,将上述两组间差异有统计学意义的指标作为协变量,纳入Logistic回归方程进行逐步回归分析,发现GCS评分≤8分、颈脊髓损伤、脓毒症是引起EICU内接受IMV患者气管切开的独立危险因素。具体结果见表 2

表 2 引起IMV患者气管切开的独立危险因素分析结果 Table 2 Independent risk factors for tracheotomy in patients receiving IMV
变量 B OR 95%CI P
GCS评分≤8 1.63 5.10 1.68~15.42 0.004
颈脊髓损伤 2.33 10.32 2.74~38.82 0.001
脓毒症 1.24 3.45 1.39~8.54 0.007
注:GCS为格拉斯哥昏迷评分
3 讨论

GCS评分基于患者对刺激的基本反应来评估意识障碍程度[7],GCS评分越低表明患者意识障碍越严重,严重意识障碍会导致患者咳嗽反射减弱、气道保护能力差,在合并肺部感染后病情较难被控制,短时间内难以撤离呼吸机,更难拔除气管插管。本研究发现GCS评分≤8分是引起IMV患者气管切开的独立危险因素(OR=5.10,95% CI: 1.68~15.42,P < 0.01),意味着EICU中GCS评分≤8分的IMV患者,需要气管切开的平均概率是GCS评分 > 8分患者的5.10倍,与Ahmadinegad等[8]及Yaghi等[9]的研究结果相似。亦有研究认为GCS评分≤6分为意识障碍患者气管切开的独立危险因素[10]

呼吸肌主要由膈肌和肋间肌组成,膈肌受膈神经支配,而膈神经由颈脊髓C3~C5前支组成,颈脊髓损伤越重、损伤平面越高,越容易导致呼吸肌麻痹,甚至危及生命[11-12]。本研究发现颈脊髓损伤是接受IMV患者气管切开的独立危险因素(OR=10.32,95%CI: 2.74~38.82,P < 0.01),通常C4及以上水平完全性颈脊髓损伤患者需要气管切开[13-14],有时甚至C5或C6水平的颈脊髓损伤也可能导致患者气管切开[15-16]。所以对于颈脊髓损伤患者,在适当时机为其进行气管切开,可以保障其生命安全,为后续进一步治疗创造条件[17-18]

本研究还发现脓毒症也是EICU内接受IMV的患者气管切开的独立危险因素(OR=3.45,95%CI: 1.39~8.54,P < 0.01),与Maier等[19]研究结果相似。大多数接受IMV患者的脓毒症是由肺炎引起的[20],因患者肺部情况差而难以脱离呼吸机,脓毒症还可导致脓毒症性脑病及GCS评分下降[21],增加脱机拔管的难度。

对于接受IMV的患者,长时间经口或经鼻气管插管对患者咽喉及气道产生较大刺激,易致其损伤、水肿;气管插管较长的管腔增加了吸痰的难度,导管内壁易形成痰痂,有利于细菌定植生长,并且有堵塞管腔引发窒息的风险[22]。与气管插管相比,气管切开具有下列优点[23-24],包括:易于固定及引流呼吸道分泌物;气道阻力低;能够经口进食,可进行口腔护理;患者耐受性好,可以减少镇静药物使用;可以降低呼吸机相关肺炎的发生率;可以缩短脱机时间。但是气管切开并非没有风险,该操作可引起出血、切口感染、气管食管瘘等并发症,所以需要把握好气管切开的时机与适应证;对于气管切开的最佳时机仍存在争议[25],目前倾向于在气管插管后7 d或14 d以内进行气管切开[26-27]

对于存在GCS评分≤8分、颈脊髓损伤、脓毒症的患者应重点关注,因其或许需要进行早期气管切开以挽救生命,从而有机会接受后续进一步治疗。对于在EICU中接受IMV的患者,应积极治疗原发病,改善患者全身情况,加强气道管理以降低呼吸机相关肺炎发生率,使患者得以尽早脱机、拔管。

本研究的局限性为单中心、回顾性研究,纳入研究的患者数量较少,影响患者气管切开的因素可能尚未考虑周到,研究结果有待于多中心、大样本、前瞻性研究来证实。

利益冲突  所有作者声明无利益冲突

作者贡献声明  侍冬成:研究设计,数据收集及整理,统计学分析,论文撰写;李永霞:数据收集及整理;姜家梅:数据收集及整理;赵钢:研究设计,论文修改;封启明:研究设计,论文修改;吴蔚:统计学分析,论文修改

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