中华急诊医学杂志  2019, Vol. 28 Issue (11): 1407-1412   DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1671-0282.2019.11.014
急性主动脉夹层凝血功能及预后因素分析
高伟波 , 窦丽稳 , 石茂静 , 张海燕 , 吴春波 , 朱继红     
北京大学人民医院急诊科 100044
摘要: 目的 探讨急性主动脉夹层(acute aortic dissection,AAD)患者的临床特征、凝血功能及预后相关因素。方法 收集北京大学人民医院2008年11月至2016年1月急诊及住院的AAD患者的临床资料,分析其临床特征、凝血功能及预后相关因素。纳入者均经CT血管造影确诊,且发病时间在14 d以内。收集入院首次血常规、出凝血功能资料,记录手术干预方式、预后等资料。以是否发生弥散性血管内凝血(disseminated intravascular coagulation, DIC)、是否存活进行分组,比较组间差异。采用logistic回归分析院内死亡的影响因素。结果 119例AAD患者的年龄为(52.9±14.2)岁,男女比例5.3:1。疼痛为AAD患者最常见的临床表现,占90.0%以上,疼痛性质以转移性或扩展性疼痛多见。发生显性DIC 13例(10.9%),7例死亡(53.8%); DIC组与非DIC组比较,在中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞比值(neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, NLR)、血小板(platelet, PLT)、纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen, FIB)、D-二聚体、纤维蛋白原降解产物(fibrinogen degradation products, FDP)、凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time, PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time, APTT),以及病死率方面,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。死亡16例(13.4%)均为A型AAD,其中DIC 7例(43.8%); 死亡组与存活组比较,在NLR、PLT、Fib、D-二聚体、FDP、PT、APTT,以及DIC比例和手术治疗方面,差异均有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。Logistic回归分析发现,NLR、血小板计数是影响院内死亡的独立危险因素(P < 0.05)。结论 D-二聚体对AAD具有较高的诊断及预后价值,PLT活化和消耗量增加,则病死率增加,一旦发生DIC,预后极差; NLR、血小板计数是影响AAD患者院内死亡的独立危险因素。
关键词: 急性主动脉夹层    D-二聚体    中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞    弥散性血管内凝血    预后    
Analysis of coagulation function and prognostic factors of acute aortic dissection
Gao Weibo , Dou Liwen , Shi Maojing , Zhang Haiyan , Wu Chunbo , Zhu Jihong     
Emergency Department, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
Abstract: Objective To investigate the clinical characteristics, coagulation function and associated prognostic factors of acute aortic dissection. Methods The clinical data of 119 patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD) admitted to Beijing University People' s Hospital from November 2008 to January 2016 were analyzed. All the participants were confirmed by computed tomography angiography, and the onset time was less than 14 days. Data of blood routine test, coagulation function at the first admission were collected, and surgical intervention and prognosis were recorded. All the patients, according to the prognosis, or whether disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) occurred, were divided into two groups, and the differences between the two groups were compared. Logistic regression analysis was applied to analyze independent risk factors related to in-hospital death in AAD patients. Results In 119 patients with AAD, the average age was (52.9±14.2) years, with a male/female ratio of 5.3:1. Pain was the most common clinical manifestation in patients with AAD, accounting for more than 90.0%. The nature of pain was mostly expansible and/or transitive pain. Dominant DIC occurred in 13 cases (10.9%), and 7 patients died (53.8%). There were significant differences between the DIC group and non-DIC group in neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet count, fibrinogen, D-dimer, FDP, PT, APTT and mortality rate (P < 0.05). All the 16 patients in the death group were type A AAD, among which, 7 patients (43.8%) developed with DIC. There were significant differences between the death group and survival group in NLR, platelet count, fibrinogen, D-dimer, FDP, PT, APTT, DIC proportion and surgical operation rate (P < 0.05).Logistic regression analysis showed that NLR and platelet count were independent risk factors of in-hospital death (P < 0.05). Conclusions D-dimer has a high diagnostic and prognosis value for AAD. The mortality increased with the activation and depletion of platelet. Once DIC occurs, the prognosis is extremely poor. NLR and platelet count are independent risk factors for in-hospital death in patients with AAD.
Key words: Acute aortic dissection    D-dimer    Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio    Disseminated intravascular coagulation    Prognosis    

急性主动脉夹层(acute aortic dissection,AAD)发生主动脉内膜撕裂,血液进入主动脉壁内导致主动脉壁形成真假两腔,从而发生一系列病理生理反应[1]。AAD发生发展过程中一直伴随着凝血与纤溶活动,凝血强于纤溶,会在局部形成血栓; 纤溶强于凝血,假腔通畅是AAD破裂的风险和相关死亡的独立危险因素[2]; 持续而均衡的凝血、纤溶活动,会导致纤维蛋白原(fibrinogen, FIB)和凝血因子及血小板(platelet, PLT)进行性消耗,可导致弥散性血管内凝血(disseminated intravascular coagulation,DIC)的发生[3]。DIC可引发休克、多器官功能衰竭综合征,病死率高,预后极差,本研究旨在对AAD合并DIC患者的诊断、治疗及预后进行分析,以期对该病的临床诊治提供参考。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

回顾性分析北京大学人民医院2008年11月至2016年1月急诊就诊及住院治疗的AAD患者119例。纳入者均经CT血管造影确诊,且发病时间在14 d以内。排除体检发现、临床诊断及资料不完善的病例,复发或多次就诊者仅记录首次发病情况。收集患者的一般人口学资料,入院后首次检查血常规,出凝血指标,AAD分型,手术干预方式,预后等资料。本研究符合医学伦理学标准,治疗及检测均获得患者或家属的知情同意。

1.2 诊断依据

DIC的诊断依据2001年国际血栓止血学会(International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis,ISTH)DIC积分系统[4],对患者进行分类:⑴PLT>100×109/L,0分; ≤100×109/L,1分; <50×109/L,2分; ⑵纤维蛋白原降解产物(fibrinogen degradation products, FDP)无增加,0分; 中度增加,2分; 显著增加,3分; ⑶凝血酶原时间延长<3 s,0分; ≥3 s且<6 s,1分; >6 s,2分; ⑷Fib>1.0 g/L,0分; ≤1.0 g/L,1分; ⑸结果判定,如积分≥5分,符合显性DIC。

1.3 统计学方法

使用SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。符合正态分布的计量资料以均数±标准差(Mean±SD)表示,非正态分布的计量资料以中位数(四分位数)[MP25, P75)]表示,组间比较使用Mann-Whitney U检验。计数资料使用频数及百分比表示,组间比较采用χ2检验。采用logistic回归分析住院期间影响死亡的危险因素。以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。

2 结果

共有119例AAD患者入选,其中男性100例(84.0%),女性19例(16.0%),男女比例5.3:1。年龄22~86岁,(52.9±14.2)岁。

按照Stanford分型,主动脉病变累及升主动脉者为A型,主动脉病变未累及升主动脉,只累及左锁骨下动脉以远降主动脉者为B型。119例AAD患者中A型53例,B型66例。既往有高血压病史者81例(68.1%),其中46例(56.8%)高血压患者未规律服用降压药物或血压控制不佳; 合并糖尿病病史18例(15.1%),合并脑血管病史3例(2.5%)。

2.1 临床特点

AAD患者中疼痛为最常见最重要的临床表现,占90.0%以上,疼痛性质以转移性疼痛多见,主要表现为疼痛范围扩大或部位变化。疼痛部位以胸痛93(78.2%)最常见,且胸痛患者常合并背部疼痛(57例,47.9%),68例(57.1%)表现为突发撕裂样或剧烈疼痛。伴随症状中,心悸、大汗最常见(59例,49.6%)。103例(86.6%)AAD患者首次测量(发病或入院时)血压升高(≥140/90 mmHg,1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),其中22例(18.5%)血压明显升高(收缩压≥180 mmHg)。A型AAD患者中26例(21.8%)出现双侧血压不对称。

2.2 实验室及辅助检查

AAD患者最常见的心电图表现为非特异性ST-T改变,其次为左室高电压,2例为下壁心肌梗死心电图表现。104例(87.4%)患者超声/超声心动图检查异常。112例(94.1%)患者D-二聚体(酶联免疫吸附试验法)升高。并且A型患者升高水平高于B型患者(P<0.01)。

2.3 预后与转归

本组患者出凝血参数如下:凝血酶原时间(prothrombin time, PT)(12.9±7.1)s,活化部分凝血活酶时间(activated partial thromboplastin time, APTT)(34.1±8.6)s,纤维蛋白原降解产物(fibrinogen degradation products, FDP)(31.9±49.9)μg/mL,D-二聚体(4 607.9±238.5)ng/mL,Fib(358±12.9)mg/dL,PLT(171±36.4)×109/L。

发生显性DIC 13例(10.9%),7例死亡(53.8%); DIC组与非DIC组比较,在中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio, NLR)、PLT、Fib、D-二聚体、FDP、PT、APTT,以及病死率方面,差异均有统计学意义,见表 1

表 1 DIC组与非DIC组临床参数比较 Table 1 Comparison of the clinical parameters between the DIC group and non-DIC group
指标 DIC组(n=13) 非DIC组(n=106) 统计值 P
年龄(岁)a 50.2±15.8 53.9±13.9 0.899 0.370
性别(男)b 12/13 88/106 0.213 0.644
A型/B型比例b 9/4 44/62 3.603 0.058
NLRa 14.0±3.9 9.0±5.4 -3.199 0.002
血小板(×109/L)a 109.0±24.0 178.6±77.2 6.942 <0.01
纤维蛋白原(mg/dL)a 119.2±29.4 386.7±182.8 13.687 <0.01
D-二聚体(ng/mL)c 18 569(13 723, 29 609) 1 164(573, 2 343) -5.810 <0.01
FDP(μg/mL) a 143.2±79.5 18.2±18.4 -5.650 <0.01
PT(s)a 17.5±1.4 12.4±7.3 -2.542 0.012
APTT(s)a 50.5±4.9 32.1±6.6 -9.636 <0.01
病死率b 7/13 9/106 16.757 <0.01
手术比例b 10/13 82/106 0.000 1.0
注:NLR,中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞; FDP,纤维蛋白(原)降解产物; PT,凝血酶原时间; APTT,活化部分凝血活酶时间; a为Mean±SD,采用LSD-t检验; b为计数资料,采用卡方检验; cMP25, P75),采用Mann-Whitney U检验

死亡组与存活组比较,在NLR、PLT、Fib、D-二聚体、FDP、PT、APTT,以及DIC比例,手术治疗方面,差异均有统计学意义,死亡16例(13.4%)均为A型,其中发生DIC 7例(43.8%),见表 2

表 2 死亡组与存活组临床参数比较 Table 2 Comparison of the clinical parameters between the death group and survival group
指标 死亡组(n=16) 存活组(n=103) 统计值 P
年龄(岁)a 53.7±15.0 53.5±14.0 -0.063 0.950
性别(男/女)b 13/3 87/16 0.000 1.0
A型/B型比例b 16/0 37/66 23.020 <0.01
NLRa 14.2±5.6 8.9±5.1 -3.815 <0.01
血小板(×109/L)a 112.8±33.2 180.1±77.3 5.965 <0.01
纤维蛋白原(mg/dL)a 237.2±148.8 376.2±191.7 2.771 0.007
D-二聚体(ng/mL) c 4 255(1 183, 18 327) 1 179(568, 2 512) -2.937 0.037
FDP(μg/mL) a 81.0±94.0 24.2±33.6 -2.390 0.030
PT(s)a 14.2±3.2 12.7±7.5 -1.389 0.042
APTT(s)a 40.7±11.2 33.1±7.8 -2.641 0.017
DIC比例b 7/16 6/103 16.757 <0.01
手术比例b 8/16 84/103 6.164 0.013
注:NLR,中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞; FDP,纤维蛋白(原)降解产物; PT,凝血酶原时间; APTT,活化部分凝血活酶时间; DIC,弥散性血管内凝血; a为Mean±SD,采用LSD-t检验; b为计数资料,采用卡方检验; cMP25, P75),采用Mann-Whitney U检验

Logistic回归分析发现,NLR、血小板计数是影响院内死亡的独立危险因素(P<0.05),而年龄、性别、DIC、手术治疗则差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),见表 3

表 3 Logistic回归分析结果 Table 3 Logistic regression analysis of relative factors for in-hospital death
指标 β值 S.E. OR 95%CI P
年龄 0.045 0.038 1.046 0.972~1.128 0.231
性别 0.259 1.225 1.295 0.117~14.307 0.833
NLR 0.142 0.072 1.213 1.001~1.326 0.048
PLT -0.019 0.009 0.981 0.864~0.999 0.037
DIC 0.147 1.882 1.158 0.029~45.257 0.938
手术治疗 -0.871 0.768 0.419 0.093~1.887 0.257
注:NLR,中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞; PLT,血小板; DIC,弥散性血管内凝血
3 讨论

2011年我国一项流行病学调查显示,AAD的发病率为2.8/10万[5],而国外文献报道AAD的发生率为15/10万[6]; 院内病死率高达13.9%[5],据IRAD(International Registry of Acute Aortic Dissection,I-RAD)报道A型AAD患者的院内病死率高达29.5%,B型为11.8%[7]。AAD发生发展的过程中始终伴随着出凝血功能的变化,主要表现为活跃的凝血和纤溶反应,D-二聚体进行性升高,Fib、PLT计数减低,严重者可发生DIC,有出血倾向。DIC是由于AAD发生后,内皮胶原组织暴露,激活组织因子和凝血因子形成血栓,继而纤溶系统活化,使凝血因子和PLT进行性消耗,导致DIC[3, 8]。Guan等[9]研究纳入87例未接受手术的A型AAD患者,Fib显著降低。亚急性、慢性AD严重并发症中,与凝血功能密切相关的也是DIC。本研究患者出凝血参数整体为显著升高趋势。发生显性DIC 13例(10.9%),其中7例死亡,病死率高达53.8%,10例行手术治疗,死亡4例,3例未手术治疗全部死亡; 从预后角度分析:死亡组16例,占总体13.4%,均为A型,其中DIC7例,病死率为43.8%,显示DIC是AAD的不良预后因素; 死亡组8例行手术治疗,4例合并DIC死亡(50%),8例未行手术治疗,3例合并DIC死亡。

当AAD伴随着PLT活化和凝血功能障碍,这可能标志着疾病程度严重和出血风险增加。AAD患者PLT活化和消耗量增加,则病死率增加[10]。Li等[11]将106例A型AAD患者,按照平均血小板体积/血小板计数比(MPV/PLT)分为两组,高MPV/PLT组更易出现院内并发症,如低血压、低氧、心肌缺血/梗死、意识障碍、心包填塞、截瘫等,生存率低,认为MPV/PLT是院内并发症和远期病死率的独立危险因素。Huang等[12]分析138例A型AAD患者发现,死亡患者的入院PLT≤119×109/L也与院内围手术期死亡风险的增加相关,即使接受手术治疗,PLT计数仍有一定预测价值。这些研究表明AAD患者PLT活化/消耗的迹象可提示较高的出血和死亡风险。本研究显示PLT计数在死亡组与存活组之间差异有统计学意义,在DIC与非DIC两组间差异亦有统计学意义。

D-二聚体是由凝血系统激活和随后的纤溶系统激活溶解交联的纤维蛋白所形成的产物。对AAD进行鉴别诊断具有重要作用,并可以预测预后。2014年,欧洲主动脉疾病诊治指南推荐的随访实验室检查只有D-二聚体[13]。Albini等[14]提出D-二聚体的绝对值可以反映AAD的撕裂程度,可作为预测AAD病死率的独立预测指标。D-二聚体乳胶凝集法(阴性<500 ng/mL),敏感性高达100%,特异性为67%,在AAD发生后1 h,D-二聚体即迅速升高,具有很高的鉴别诊断价值[15]。Giannitsis等[16]指出D-二聚体检测可用于AAD的评估,有助于鉴别诊断包括深静脉血栓形成和肺栓塞在内的血栓栓塞性疾病。Li等[17]分析了790例急性胸痛患者的D-二聚体检测结果,发现D-二聚体在AAD和肺栓塞患者中明显高于其他胸痛疾病患者,但该两种疾病的D-二聚体差异无统计学意义; 另外,A型比B型的D-二聚体水平高,而受试者工作特征曲线(receiver operating characteristic curve,ROC)分析显示D-二聚体低于500 ng/mL是排除急性AAD较理想的预测因子。薛渊等[18]研究发现,在细化分层,排除手术及AAD分型等因素后发现只有在A型患者中D-二聚体水平与患者的预后相关(P<0.05),D-二聚体水平越高,患者病死率越高。本研究中死亡组与存活组、A型与B型患者间D-二聚体水平差异有统计学意义,显然,在DIC与非DIC两组间差异亦有统计学意义,而死亡组16例全部为A型。

急性期任何打破凝血平衡的治疗都是危险的,在没有指征一定要干预凝血功能时,应只进行控制性降压,控制心率,止痛等处理,并尽快手术治疗。

AAD手术方式可分为开放手术(单纯开放手术和复合手术)及腔内手术两种,其对凝血功能的影响不同。AAD本身可强烈激活凝血系统,在体外循环手术中被极大程度放大[9]。AAD腔内手术也会激活凝血系统,凝血物质消耗不明显。Gorla等[19]发现B型AAD主动脉腔内修复术后,凝血功能改变,术后24 h D-二聚体即达到峰值,而Fib水平在72 h达到高峰,认为是由于植入过程中刺激内皮细胞分泌IL-6从而导致肝脏分泌Fib。本研究亦显示手术治疗在死亡组与存活组间影响差异有统计学意义,说明及时手术干预可以改善患者预后。早期文献指出,体外循环下AAD的外科手术治疗虽可有效防止AAD的进展,降低病死率,但并不能减少围手术期DIC的发生[20-21]

对于已经出现DIC的AAD患者,应给予积极的血液替代治疗,输注新鲜冰冻血浆(fresh frozen plasma, FFP)、冷沉淀等,以补充凝血因子,纠正DIC,减少出血的发生。有研究报道早期肝素治疗,尤其是低分子肝素或达肝素钠皮下注射尤为有效,皮下注射达肝素钠联合口服氨甲环酸也可有效治疗AAD合并DIC[3, 22-23]

NLR是一种简单易得的炎症指标,已广泛应用于心血管疾病的诊断预后评估,已有研究表明NLR、D-二聚体及CRP等指标与AAD患者的预后相关[24-29]。本研究Logistic回归分析发现,NLR和血小板计数是影响院内死亡的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。而年龄、性别、DIC、手术治疗则差异无统计学意义。

本研究探讨了早期凝血功能异常在AAD临床转归预后的意义,但AAD患者早期死亡的主要原因是主动脉夹层破裂,早期手术治疗防止AAD进展仍是关键,本文未针对手术展开研究,有待后续分析探讨。

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