中华急诊医学杂志  2016, Vol. 25 Issue (12): 1248-1252
短暂性脑缺血发作预测脑梗死风险模型ABCD2评分的改进
顾言, 陈建荣, 陈佳漪     
226001 江苏省南通,南通大学第二附属医院老年科(顾言、陈佳漪),急诊科(陈建荣)
摘要: 目的 探讨改进的ABCD2评分法对短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack, TIA)后7 d内发生脑梗死风险的预测价值。 方法 本研究纳入了2014年7月至2015年12月在南通大学第二附属医院就诊的133例TIA患者,记录其TIA后7 d内脑梗死的发生情况。使用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析可能导致脑梗死的危险因素。采用ABCD2联合颈动脉超声(carotid ultrasound)的改良评分法(ABCD2-CU评分法)给TIA患者进行评分。绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)曲线,观察曲线下面积(AUC),评估ABCD2评分及ABCD2-CU评分对TIA后脑梗死风险的预测价值及其差异。 结果 133例TIA患者7 d内有35例(26.3%)进展为脑梗死。单因素分析提示入院时血压≥140/90 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 Kpa)、单侧肢体无力、言语障碍、持续时间≥10 min、糖尿病史、高血压病史、颈动脉斑块形及颈动脉狭窄等8项危险因素与TIA后早期脑梗死密切相关(均P < 0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析提示单侧肢体无力[OR(95%CI),3.52(1.76~12.34)]、持续时间≥10 min[2.45(1.06~9.27)]、糖尿病史[3.37(1.27~10.94)]、高血压病史[4.15(1.71~13.34)]、颈动脉斑块[6.32(2.46~19.40)]及颈动脉狭窄[12.73(2.67~44.35)]是TIA后早期进展脑梗死的独立危险因素(均P < 0.05)。ABCD2-CU评分(AUC=0.802, 95%CI:0.717~0.888,P=0.000)对脑梗死的预测价值高于ABCD2评分(AUC=0.614, 95%CI:0.511~0.717,P=0.036)。 结论 ABCD2-CU评分较ABCD2评分在判断TIA后早期脑梗死风险方面有更高的临床价值,可帮助医生鉴别高危患者,以早期采取及时预防措施。
关键词: 短暂性脑缺血发作     ABCD2评分     颈动脉超声     脑梗死     预测    
The improvement of ABCD2 scoring accuracy for predicting cerebral infarction after transient ischemic attack
Gu Yan, Chen Jianrong, Chen Jiayi     
Department of Geriatrics (Gu Y, Chen JY) Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China, Department of Emergency (Chen JR), Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong 226001, China
*Corresponding author: Chen Jianrong, Email: Drchenjr@163.com.
Abstract: Objective To investigate the application of improved ABCD2 scoring for predicting the onset of cerebral infarction within 7 days after transient ischemic attack (TIA). Methods A total of 133 patients with TIA admitted from July 2014 to December 2015 were enrolled in this study. The ABCD2 scoring and ABCD2 combined with carotid ultrasound (CU) scoring were used to predict the risk of cerebral infarction occurred within 7 days after TIA. The univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to estimate the contribution of clinical risk factors to triggering the cerebral infarction within 7 days after TIA. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was used to evaluate the predictive value of two different kinds of scoring process in early cerebral infarction after TIA. Results Of 133 patients with TIA, 35 (26.3%) suffered from cerebral infarction within 7 days after TIA. Univariate analysis showed cerebral infarction occurred within 7days after TIA was closely associated with BP≥140/90 mmHg, unilateral weakness, speech impairment, TIA duration≥10 minutes, past history of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, carotid plaque, and carotid stenosis. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that unilateral weakness (OR=3.52, 95%CI: 1.76-12.34), TIA duration≥10 minutes (OR=2.45, 95%CI: 1.06-9.27), diabetes mellitus (OR=3.37, 95%CI: 1.27-10.94), past history of hypertension (OR=4.15, 95%CI: 1.71-13.34), carotid plaque (OR=6.32, 95%CI: 2.46-19.40), and carotid stenosis (OR=12.73, 95%CI: 2.67-44.35) were significantly correlated with early onset of cerebral infarction after TIA (all P < 0.05). The ROC analysis revealed the ABCD2-CU scoring (AUC=0.802, 95%CI: 0.717-0.888, P=0.000) had a larger area under curve compared to ABCD2 scoring (AUC=0.614, 95%CI:0.511-0.717, P=0.036). Conclusions The ABCD2-CU scoring was more accurate in predicting the imminent risk of cerebral infarction in the patients with TIA compared to ABCD2 scoring. And ABCD2 scoring combined with carotid ultrasound could improve the accuracy for predicting the risk of cerebral infarction occurred within 7 days after TIA.
Key words: Transient ischemic attack     ABCD2 score     Carotid ultrasound     Cerebral infarction     Prediction    

短暂性脑缺血发作(transient ischemic attack, TIA)是指局部脑组织、脊髓或视网膜局灶性缺血引起的、不伴发急性梗死的短暂性神经功能障碍[1]。TIA患者早期发生脑梗死的风险很高,它被看作是脑梗死的预警信号,研究发现TIA患者7 d内发生脑梗死风险达10%,其中50%发生于起病24 h内[2]。因此TIA后再发脑梗死的风险评估模型对临床工作至关重要。目前国际较公认的评估模型为ABCD2评分,可以预测TIA近期进展为脑梗死的风险[3]。ABCD2评分收纳了多种脑梗死的危险因素,但未包含括颈动脉硬化及颈动脉狭窄的程度。颈动脉系统是颅脑供血的主要来源,颈动脉血管内膜厚度、动脉粥样斑块性质、大小及动脉狭窄程度均是引起缺血性脑血管病的危险因素[4]。颈动脉超声可以通过监测动脉内血流速度、血流频谱及管腔的改变反映出颈动脉硬化及颈动脉狭窄的程度。本研究对南通大学第二附属医院收治的133例TIA患者的临床资料进行分析,采用ABCD2联合颈动脉超声(carotid ultrasound)的改良评分法(ABCD2-CU评分法)进行评分,观察患者起病后7 d内脑梗死的发生情况,探讨ABCD2-CU评分对TIA早期发生脑梗死的预测价值。

1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料

选择2014年7月至2015年12月南通大学第二附属医院收治的133例TIA患者作为研究对象,其中男性82例,女性51例,年龄35~92岁,(66±5)岁。诊断标准为2009年6月美国卒中协会(American Stroke Association, ASA)在Stroke杂志上发布的TIA的定义[1]。研究对象的纳入,经2位高年资主治医师以上的医生核实筛选。其中颈内动脉系统TIA 75例,椎基底动脉系统TIA 58例。排除标准:①神经功能缺失症状持续时间大于24 h;②头部CT为出血性卒中;③伴部分性癫痫发作、梅尼埃病、代谢性疾病(低血糖发作、高钙血症)、先兆偏头痛、青光眼等疾病者;④心源性病因导致的TIA。⑤病例资料不完善、住院<7 d者。⑥MRI上有明确责任灶者。

1.2 方法 1.2.1 ABCD2评分法[3]

A (age, 年龄):≥60岁,1分;B (blood pressure, 血压):收缩压≥140 mmHg和(或)舒张压≥90 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 Kpa),1分;C (clinical feature, 临床特征):一侧肢体无力,2分,言语障碍但无一侧肢体无力,1分;D (duration of symptom, 症状持续时间):≥60 min,2分,10~59 min,1分;D (diabetes, 糖尿病):有,1分。总分为7分。

1.2.2 ABCD2-CU评分法

在ABCD2的基础上增加颈动脉超声检查结果。颈动脉超声斑块形成,1分;颈动脉狭窄,1分。

颈动脉超声诊断:超声科专业医生应用荷兰生产Philips IU22彩超仪,检查颅外段颈动脉。检查时,首先自颈动脉起始处作纵向及横向扫查,依次显示颈总动脉、颈总动脉分叉处、颈内动脉和颈外动脉,尽可能检查到颈动脉最高位置。记录患者颈动脉超声结果,以内-中膜厚度(intimal-media thickness, IMT)≥1.2 mm,为有斑块形成。根据患者的颈动脉狭窄率、收缩期流速(peak systolic velocity, PSV)及舒张末期流速(end diastolic velocity, EDV)来判断其颈动脉狭窄程度:若狭窄率 < 50%, PSV < 125 cm/s,EDV < 40 cm/s,则为轻度狭窄;若50%≤狭窄率≤69%,125 cm/s≤PSV < 230 cm/s,40 cm/s≤EDV < 100 cm/s,则为中度狭窄;若70%≤狭窄率≤99%,PSV≥230 cm/s,EDV≥100 cm/s,则为重度狭窄;若管腔血流信号消失,血流频谱未测出,则为完全闭塞。

1.2.3 终点事件(脑梗死)的诊断标准

以TIA发作第7天为终点事件观察点。即要有新的神经功能缺损的症状及体征,并有能解释此次症状的新的影像学证据,则确诊为发生脑梗死事件。

1.2.4 治疗方法

所有入选病例的治疗均参考2014年美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会制定的脑卒中及短暂性脑缺血发作二级预防指南[5]。即控制相关基础疾病,抗血小板(拜阿司匹林、氯吡格雷)聚集、他汀类药物等;所有患者均未采取溶栓、抗凝、降纤治疗。

1.3 统计学方法

所有数据采用SPSS 17.0进行统计分析。计数资料采用(例,%)表示;TIA后发生脑梗死危险因素的比较采用χ2检验;使用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析寻找可能导致脑梗死的危险因素;绘制受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)曲线,观察曲线下面积(AUC),评估ABCD2评分及ABCD2-CU评分对TIA后脑梗死风险的预测价值及其差异。以P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。

2 结果 2.1 TIA后进展为脑梗死危险因素的比较

脑梗死组和非脑梗死组比较,两组入院时血压≥140/90 mmHg、单侧肢体无力、言语障碍、持续时间≥10 min、糖尿病史、高血压病史、颈动脉斑块及颈动脉狭窄等8项危险因素的差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05)。见表 1

表 1 TIA后发生脑梗死危险因素的比较(例,%) Table 1 Comparisons of risk factors between cerebral infarction and non-cerebral infarction groups (例, %)
危险因素 脑梗死组(n=35) 非脑梗死组(n=98) χ2 P
年龄≥60岁 30(85.7) 73(74.4) 1.860 0.173
男性 23(65.7) 59(60.2) 0.331 0.565
吸烟 18(51.4) 40(40.8) 1.181 0.277
入院时血压≥140/90 29(82.9) 52(53.1) 9.615 0.002
单侧肢体无力 19(54.3) 34(34.7) 4.130 0.042
言语障碍 25(71.4) 51(52.0) 3.958 0.047
持续时间≥10 min 30(85.7) 59(60.2) 7.581 0.006
糖尿病史 19(54.3) 20(20.4) 14.282 0.000
高血压史 33(94.3) 65(66.3) 10.379 0.001
颈动脉斑块 32(91.4) 49(50.0) 18.598 0.000
颈动脉狭窄 19(54.3) 7(7.1) 36.444 0.000
2.2 多因素Logistic回归分析

单侧肢体无力、持续时间≥10 min、糖尿病史、高血压病史、颈动脉斑块及颈动脉狭窄等因素与TIA后早期进展为脑梗死密切相关(OR:2.45~12.73,P < 0.05),且95%CI均大于1,是TIA后早期进展为脑梗死的独立危险因素。见表 2

表 2 TIA后进展为脑梗死的单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析 Table 2 Multiple risk factors and early cerebral infarction after TIA, by univariate and multivariate Logistic analysis
危险因素 单因素分析 多因素分析
OR(95%CI) P OR(95%CI) P
年龄≥60岁 2.06(0.72~5.87) 0.179 - -
男性 1.27(0.57~2.84) 0.565 - -
吸烟 1.54(0.71~3.34) 0.279 - -
入院时血压≥140/90 mmHg 4.28(1.63~11.22) 0.003 - -
单侧肢体无力 2.24(1.02~4.90) 0.044 3.52(1.76~12.34) 0.032
言语障碍 2.30(1.01~5.30) 0.049 - -
持续时间≥10min 3.97(1.42~11.10) 0.009 2.45(1.06~9.27) 0.002
糖尿病史 4.63(2.03~10.59) 0.000 3.37(1.27~10.94) 0.004
高血压史 8.38(1.89~37.08) 0.005 4.15(1.71~13.34) 0.002
颈动脉斑块 10.67(3.06~37.15) 0.000 6.32(2.46~19.40) 0.000
颈动脉狭窄 15.44(5.59~42.66) 0.000 12.73(2.67~44.35) 0.000
2.3 ABCD2及ABCD2-CU两种评分法对TIA后进展为脑梗死的预测价值比较

ABCD2评分的ROC曲线下面积AUC=0.614,95%CI:0.511~0.717,P=0.036;ABCD2-CU评分AUC=0.802,95%CI: 0.717~0.888,P=0.000。ABCD2-CU评分对TIA后7d进展为脑梗死预测价值高于ABCD2评分。见图 1

图 1 两种评分法对TIA后7 d进展为脑梗死预测价值比较 Figure 1 The comparison of the predictive accuracy of 7-day cerebral infarction after TIA
3 讨论

TIA是大脑局灶性或区域性缺血导致突发短暂性、可逆性神经功能障碍,症状于24 h内完全消失。其特点是反复的、可逆的,TIA是缺血性脑血管病的超强预警信号。研究发现TIA后的近期脑梗死发生率较高,2 d内为5.2%,90 d内为10.5%,如果对发病24 h内的TIA患者进行积极治疗,可以将90 d内的脑卒中风险降低80%[5]。因此,快速评估并及时治疗高危患者至关重。

2007年Johnston等[3]提出的ABCD2评分法是目前最常用的评估TIA近期预后的方法,包含年龄、血压、临床特征、症状持续时间及糖尿病等几项危险因素,总分为7分。随着评分的增高,TIA后脑梗死的风险增加。该评分简单快速,适用于在社区医院、门、急诊等对患者进行初筛。但是,有Meta分析表明,ABCD2评分可能低估了在中国人群中脑梗死的短期风险[6]。该评分都是针对患者的临床发病特征制定的,未涉及血管病变,尤其对合并有严重颈动脉病变的TIA患者预测效果较差[7]。为进一步提高ABCD2评分的敏感性,近年来很多研究对其进行了改良[8-10]。颈动脉系统是颅脑供血的主要来源,颈动脉血管内膜增厚、粥样斑块性质、大小及动脉狭窄程度均是引起缺血性脑血管病的危险因素[4]。颈动脉粥样硬化程度可以反映颅内血管的病变程度[11],对缺血性脑血管病变的发展有一定的预测作用[12]。颈动脉彩色超声检查具有无创、价廉、方便、重复性好等优点,是目前缺血性脑血管疾病筛查血管情况的首选[13]。并且超声对动脉壁的结构改变较MRI和DSA敏感,对动脉斑块的检出率高于MRA和DSA[14],还可对斑块的稳定性作出判断[15]。鉴于以上原因,可以将颈动脉超声与ABCD2评分相结合,创立ABCD2-CU评分模型,验证其预测TIA患者早期脑梗死事件的价值。

本研究通过单因素分析发现,入院时血压≥140/90 mmHg、单侧肢体无力、言语障碍、持续时间≥10 min、糖尿病史、高血压病史、颈动脉斑块及颈动脉狭窄等8项因素均与TIA后近期发生脑梗死有关。进一步多元Logistic回归分析,结果显示入院时血压≥140/90 mmHg、单侧肢体无力、持续时间≥10 min、糖尿病史、高血压病史、颈动脉斑块及颈动脉狭窄等因素与TIA后早期进展为脑梗死密切相关(OR:2.45~12.73,P < 0.05),且95%CI均大于1,是TIA后早期进展脑梗死的独立危险因素。

经Logistic回归分析验证,颈动脉斑块及颈动脉狭窄均为TIA早期进展为脑梗死的独立危险因素,可以将其共同纳入原始的ABCD2评分系统,形成新的ABCD2-CU评分。通过绘制ROC曲线对两种评分方法进行预测价值比较,本研究发现预测TIA后7 d内脑梗死发生风险的ROC曲线下面积(95% CI)分别为ABCD2 0.614(0.511~0.717),ABCD2-CU 0.802(0.717~0.888),两种评分法AUC均大于0.5,说明ABCD2评分和ABCD2-CU评分对缺血性脑卒中的复发风险均具有预测价值,且后者的预测价值更好。

通过初步研究显示,ABCD2-CU评分简便、易行,是适合门、急诊开展的卒中风险评估工具,便于临床医生确定脑梗死的高危人群,尽早实施干预及治疗,以降低脑卒中发病率和病死率。

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